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How many popes are there in 2024

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Corruption in Carolingian Courts from Theodulf of Orléans’ Contra Iudices (Gaul, Late 8th Century). Just a moral Problem?

ARTICLE • Varia hist. 40 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-87752024v40e24038linkcopy

AuthorshipSCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

From Contra Iudices, a poem composed by Theodulf of Orleães at the end of the 8th century, this text proposes to: i) map the practices considered corrupt denounced by Teodulfo, also taking into account the subjects involved, since we talk about corruptors and corrupted ones; ii) underline the vocabulary used to describe this corruption; and iii) bearing in mind issues of authorship, documentary genre and target audience, answer why Teodulfo wrote his poem at that time. It seems to me that only the association of Christian values with the action of public agents, as pointed out by part of the historiography about the performance of Carolingian rulers, is insufficient to describe the concern of the Bishop of Orléans with the correct application of justice. It is possible to imagine that the condemnation of corrupt

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We’ve won in court against the Italian government over a gas project in Italy

The project would have pumped out hundreds of thousands of barrels of gas from the seabed each day – and put dolphins and turtles in grave danger.

We won against the Italian government in court, meaning that a huge gas project off Italy’s treasured Po Delta, that would threaten its native species including bottlenose dolphins and loggerhead turtles, has been cancelled.

We took this case alongside Legambiente, LIPU-Birdlife Italy, WWF Italy and Greenpeace Italy, and the court ruling in our favour is a crucial win in the ongoing fight to protect marine biodiversity, restore nature and combat climate change.

What was the case? 

The Italian government had approved drilling for gas in the iconic UNESCO heritage site, right next to a Marine Protected Area,intended to create a safe haven for some of Europe’s most important marine wildlife like bottlenose dolphins and loggerhead sea turtles. The approval gave Australian company Po Valley Operations permission to build a major gas platform – known

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List of popes

Pontiff
number Pontificate Name: English
· Latin Date and Place of birth Age at start/
end Notes 65 13 September 604 –
22 February 606
(1 year, 162 days)Sabinian
SABINIANVSBlera, Eastern Roman Empire Subject of the (Ostrogothic) Kingdom of Italy, later a (Eastern) Roman citizen. Was of Roman ethnicity. For the next two centuries the Roman popes were all controlled by the Byzantine Empire. 66 19 February 607 –
12 November 607
(266 days)Boniface III
BONIFACIVS TertiusRome, Eastern Roman Empire Subject of the (Ostrogothic) Kingdom of Italy, later a (Eastern) Roman citizen. Was of Greek descent. 67 15 September 608 –
8 May 615
(6 years, 235 days)St Boniface IV
BONIFACIVS QuartusMarsica, Eastern Roman Empire Subject of the (Ostrogothic) Kingdom of Italy, later a (Eastern) Roman citizen. Was of Roman ethnicity. First pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict. 68 13 November 615 –
8 November 618
(2 years, 360 days)St

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